Tuesday, November 17, 2009

REFLECTIONS

Being a document designer, one should be able to create a document that would apply to its targeted audience, be it online or print. Online media is currently on the rise because people use it more these days but due to the internet and the inability for censorship, teenagers would be able to retrieve materials which would end up damaging their minds besides being addicted to the internet. As much as the internet benefits, it also harms an individual. Through websites, communication is made easy but there are other factors that one has to consider. The internet is a tool that proves technological advancement but if misused, there is a price to pay. Bloggers on the other hand, has to watch out for copyrighted laws so as not to plagiarise and should not involve topics that are seditious or sensitive, especially regarding race and religion to ensure no party is offended. As Karen A. Schriver (1997) has said, designers of any sort should have the ability to become communication architects instead of just decorators, proving that document to be a successful one. I agree because in order to gain readership, a document has to appeal to its readers and this can only be done when both content and graphics are included with proper arrangements and structures.

REFERENCES

Schriver, K. A 1997, Dynamics in Document Design: creating texts for readers, Wiley Computer Pub, New York.

Reference List

Loewenstein, A 2008, The Blogging Revolution, TheMediaReport, ABC Radio National, viewed 18th November 2009, http://www.abc.net.au/rn/mediareport/stories/2008/2351985.htm

Aristotle, 1932, The Rhetoric of Aristotle, L. Cooper, Trans, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

O’Sullivan, T., Hartley, J., Saunders, D., & Fiske, J. (Eds), 1983, Key concepts in Communication, Routledge, London.
Putnis, P & Petelin, R 1996, Professional Communication: principles and applications, Prentice Hall, Sydney.

Harvey, M. 2009, International version of Kindle out for Christmas, The Australian, viewed 18th November 2009, <
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/news/international-version-of-kindle-out-for-christmas/story-e6frg90o-1225784098422>

MacKenzie, M. 1994, Making it work visually, Beyond Plain English, Communication Research Institute of Australia, Canberra.

Williams, T. R., 1993, Text or graphic: An information processing perspective on choosing the more effective medium, Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 33-52.

CBS News, 2008, "Harry Potter" Author Wins Copyright Claim, September 8, viewed 18th November 2009, <
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/09/08/entertainment/main4426302.shtml>

U.S Copyright Office, n.d, Subject Matter and Scope of Copyright, Copyright Law of the United States of America, viewed 17th November 2009, <
http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#101>

Chilling Effects, n.d, Frequently Asked Questions (and Answers) about Piracy or Copyright Infringement, Stanford Center for Internet & Society, viewed 17th November 2009, <
http://www.chillingeffects.org/piracy/faq.cgi#QID142>

Loewenstein, A. 2008, Media : The role of blogs in politics, The Guardian, 15 September, viewed 18th November 2009, <
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/sep/15/blog.politics>
Science Blog, 2002, Study sheds new light on habits, roles of blog readers, viewed 18th November 2009, <
http://www.scienceblog.com/cms/study-sheds-new-light-habits-roles-blog-readers-15826.html>

Eber-Schmid, N. 2009, The Effect of New Media Censorship on the World - NMI White Paper, New Media Institute, 27 June, viewed 17th September 2009, <
http://www.newmedia.org/articles/the-effect-of-new-media-censorship-on-the-world---nmi-white-paper.html>

Saravanamuttu, J, n. d, Legal Restrictions on Human Liberties and Freedom, Report on Human Rights in Malaysia, viewed 15th November 2009, <
http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/hr/js1.html>

The Effect of New Media Censorship on the World - NMI White Paper

Countries that are democratically driven practice freedom of speech. This practice is important to the constant development of ideas in forums in global communities (Eber-Schmid 2009). There are laws in United States and Europe which protects the system of allowing freedom of speech. In most countries, where importance is placed on religion or the monarchy or both, freedom of speech is deemed as an insult and a blasphemy. Where censorship is concerned, it is to reign in the people from venting on the more sensitive issues. The advancement in the internet has affected the government censorship in the online media. A recent example would be the Yemennet’s restriction on a blog hosting site, affecting bloggers due to the popularity of the blog hosting website (Eber-Schmid 2009). As mentioned earlier, blogs and websites play a role in helping dissatisfied citizens in voicing out their opinions. Online media is on the rise especially in the West, drastically changing business methods besides being a tool for communication from crucial information such as news to lighter topics on dating rituals (Loewenstein 2008). A UCI study shows that readers have diverse thoughts on the roles of a blog. Some readers found it necessary to make insightful contributions as past research resulted in readers expecting blogs to be frequently updated besides having meaningful contents (Science Blog 2002). I think that the online media plays a huge role in the political and social context. People rely on the internet media to conduct business practices, contribute politically and socially. Censorship on the internet is simply unreachable. If the government results to blocking websites especially popular ones, there are higher chances of provoking the public. Most people find comfort in practicing freedom of speech through the internet, because they are free to remain anonymous at all times. To me, I believe that the government's stand in censoring blogs is a rather imprudent attempt; even the reasons are stifling the Opposition, or causing unrest within the nation. They seem hypocritical when they do so, as the ruling government now, were the ones advocating free speech since the days of Tunku Abdul Rahman. Article 10(1) state that freedom of speech (Saravanamuttu n.d) is given to all citizens as long as no controversial issues are brought up. I think that citizens are allowed to speak their minds out or voice out of their disapproval on an issue but they should never involve race, religion and culture into their speeches because it may cause racial riots.

"Harry Potter" Author Wins Copyright Claim

The author of Harry Potter, J.K Rowling, has won the lawsuit against Michigan-based RDR Books for the publication of a Potter encyclopaedia, stating that the encyclopaedia is mere rearrangement of her work, resulting in so much plagiarism. The Harry Potter series has been sold globally on an estimated amount of 400 million copies, besides having a film franchise of $4.5 billion in the box office. Anthony Falzone defended the RDR Company with an explanation that the lexicon produced is only a reference guide, to help readers interpret and analyze difficult parts in the Harry Potter novel (CBS News 2008). “Copyright owners”, with respect to any one of the rights declared by the United States copyright office, are people who are legitimate of the rights given to the copies, be it movies, books or any other form of material (U.S Copyright Office n.d). These laws are formed by the government to protect the creator of works such as software, music, books, literatures and other works so that they gain financially from their work. Violation of copyright laws results in piracy. Piracy is a big issue these days because due to the advancement in digital technologies, distribution of materials is made easy. The internet, especially, allows distribution of materials therefore making it difficult for copyright holders to control piracy through web-based applications (Chilling Effects n.d). In my opinion, it is fair for J.K Rowling to win the case because the RDR Company would be benefitting from what is rightfully hers. Even though the encyclopaedia was meant to assist in making Harry Potter understandable, but the authors should have used a different approach in writing instead of rearranging materials from the Harry Potter novels and claiming it as their work. Copyright laws are enforced to safeguard the original works and ideas from the creator. Therefore it is only fair that the publication of the encyclopaedia is put to a stop entirely due to its violation of copyright infringement. Without these laws, plagiarism would be widespread, enabling other parties to copy original work of others, passing it on freely, giving absolutely no credit to the creators. Also, if RDR wanted to publish a guide for Harry Potter fans, the publishers should have asked permission from the author of Harry Potter. Once permission is obtained and proper referencing is done with acknowledgements of the author, the author would definitely not sue RDR for the little use of her work.

International version of Kindle out for Christmas

The International Kindle (Source : http://www.theage.com.au/)
An international kindle version or in other words, the e-book would be released by Amazon just in time for Christmas. Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon has stated that he expects the sales of kindles to beat those of printed books, also mentioning that the sales of kindles are still small but are on an increasingly growing rate. The kindle has the ability to download books wirelessly and store approximately 1,500 copies of books with $US 259 per international version and $US 40 in an attempt to ward off rivals. A Forrester Research has shown that the sales of e-readers in the United States will total up to about three million this year, with Amazon holding the majority of 60 percent (Harvey 2009). Writing a document requires much patience and skills due to many technical details to form a perfect document. Writing is often interconnected with reading. In theories of reading according to Putnis and Petelin (1996), structuring is the utmost important factor. The more writers do the less work readers have to do. Usually, when readers are asked to evaluate a document, they are usually dissatisfied on the poorly structured document. If readers are reading a document to gain knowledge and information on a topic, the information needs to be logical and formed in a coherent hierarchy of levels so that interpretation can be done easily and readers would be able to recall it anytime they want. Mackenzie (1994) stated that a document which has optimum legibility is on that succeeds in making text legible and readable to readers besides indicating a formal structure of text for readers. Williams (1993) mentions that the use of graphic helps in making reading easier as graphics describe other than being an assistant to readers to perform procedures and remember information better. In my opinion, the international kindle does have benefits but it is indeed lacking in some ways. It is definitely convenient because reading is made easier as a person would be able to download any form of reading materials wirelessly but many questions are put forward here? How legible is the kindle? Would readers find reading the kindle easier than reading a printed book? Mackenzie (1994)’s statement shows that a document which is readable and understandable is a good document, therefore the kindle should have applications from theories of writing and reading so as to ensure continue readership globally. E-books should be properly structured because some readers might find difficulty in reading off a screen. E-books may succeed in some way because of its convenience factor but it all depends on reader’s preference because some readers would prefer printed copies of books rather than hurt their eyes reading through a screen.

The Blogging Revolution

Based on the interview between journalist Antony Funnell and author Antony Loewenstein who has just published his book, The Blogging Revolution, focusing on countries like Iran, Cuba, China, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Egypt, he discovered that many of these countries were desperate for transformation, therefore, making the internet a medium for voicing out their dissatisfaction and disapproval towards their ruling government. In China, people feel the necessity for having a democratic nation and to underground issues that were unknown to the world such as corruption. Some countries used it as a tool for development whereas some governments saw it as a threat. According to Loewenstein (2009), the government’s efforts on filtering the web makes absolutely no changes because people can always find their way around it, and people will always have freedom of speech on the web. The internet is a tool for communication, between writers and readers all over the world. People turn to the web to gain any form of information and knowledge on the web. Therefore, writers should apply Aristotle’s rhetoric, ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos merely relates to the credibility of an author, whether materials he or she writes is trustable, pathos is a method of appealing to the readers so as to gain readers attention, and logos applies logical thinking and argument of an issue (Aristotle 1932). O’Sullivan et al. (1983) states that rhetoric is the practice of using language to influence an audience and the language resulting from this practice (p. 200). Putnis and Petelin (1996) found that rhetorical thinking can be used to interpret messages and easily grab reader’s attention towards a particular issue, providing a system for generating and analysing discourse. In my opinion, the internet is a tool for learning because information can be obtained in just a mere matter of seconds. The world becomes smaller and communication is made easy. This tool may be beneficial to everyone because people are now able to communicate with the world through social networking sites, chat rooms and online communities. Information from all over the world is retrievable from search engines. Due to the availability of constant updates, news travel at a faster speed than ever before. I agree to Loewenstein (2009)’s statement that due to the technology advancement, people are able to do almost anything on the internet and the government has absolutely no control to citizen’s freedom of speech on the web. Therefore, creating messages on the web requires rhetorical thinking so as to gain readership and to ensure smooth flow of messages throughout the world. Like every other teenager, I look up information on the web to keep myself up to date on the latest happenings from all around the globe and as I have observed, censorship is simply unattainable due to the web’s vast diversity in content. In order to promote the internet for educational purposes, writers should apply rhetorical practice instead of illegal and unwanted elements to damage the mindsets of the young.

Blogging Issues

a) The internet plays a crucial role in peoples’ lives these days, especially teenagers and youths. The internet as we know it simplifies our lives, making things easier. People are now able to shop, pay bills, sell, read, purchase plane tickets and retrieve any sort of information online. Therefore, owning a blog is simply a necessity to most people. Why is that? Blogging is one medium used by teenagers who want to be heard, giving them the freedom to express themselves in any form of way (Hulber 2005). Be it said, blogs become the voices of people, those who have ideas and opinions on an issue or dissatisfaction on a problem; politically or otherwise, and who wishes to remain anonymous. In Asia, blogging has managed to drive audiences in the millions and a recent survey proves that 41% spend more than 3 hours a week on blogging (Microsoft Digital Advertising Solutions n.d). Blogs are beneficial in a way that it connects audiences to one another besides updating the world on current issues. In the near future, blogging would still be emerging but it plays an essential role in most peoples’ lives especially for social purposes or business conducts.

b) Classification and categorization of blogs are done based on audiences’ interest, preferences and subject matters. There are many types of blogs. Some examples would be personal, business, politics, military, private, sports blogs and etc. Personal blogs play a role in providing messages regarding family, travel, religion, books, philosophy and health topics. Business blogs are used by professionals to share their expertise or to engage with their customers. Military blogs function as a channel of communication between families and members of the army whereas private blogs are those that share photos and information between friends and family (WordPress.com n.d). Moblogs clients take pictures with their mobile phones, immediately transferring them to their blogs. Current clients rely on tools like the e-mail and SMS to submit their typed entries. An example of a moblog would be BlogPlanet (Knudsen 2003). Video blogging offers a wider experience with the web because it is a combination of movies, sounds, still images and text, increasing the flow of information between author and viewer (Educause 2005). In my opinion, the style of a blog attracts readership because audiences would prefer blogs that look good besides having appropriate content. People search for blogs to find one that suits their preference because these different types of blogs play different role, providing a diversity in information giving.

c) Blogging communities are formed when a group of people share a specific goal or aim in order to reach out to the world. Communities that already exist are fashion, news, politics, historical, entertainment, social, business and many more. Each blog plays their own unique function and role in a community. Bloggers from all over the world who are keen on blogging on related topics form a community so as they can reach out to the world in just a few seconds. Given an example, business blogs are used as an informal method to ensure regular communication between customers (Heathfield 2009). A business blog may serve the purpose of educating the public on the goals and targets of a company as well as its achievements and innovations. As blogs can be updated at any time, customers and employees receive the same load of information at the same time. In a company, a blog may actually represent it in a positive light. Global voices is an online community of bloggers which provides the world with information and reports on blogs and citizen media from any part of the world, emphasizing on voices that are not usually heard in mainstream media (GlobalVoices n.d). These communities connect people from different nations and cultures, enabling them to speak their voices out on any form of topic, especially on latest news and updates.

d) There are many differences in writing and designing for print and online. According to Walsh (2006), reading with print-based texts requires different levels of decoding, responding and comprehending which initiates constant reaction between reader and text or in other words, it forms a dynamic interaction in a socio-cultural context. Walsh (2006) also mentioned that websites are designed to attract attention of readers besides assisting them to places containing information. Therefore, the understanding and interpretation of messages occur inside the head. Print and online media share a similarity. In order to gain readership, its design should be appropriate with the use of both text and images. According to Schriver (1997), changes in technology has influenced the development on document design and professionals today should be able to cross line between writing and design, becoming communication architects instead of information decorators. In my opinion, print and online play different roles and functions because these days, people are constantly using the internet, therefore, they would prefer to retrieve information online rather than through print-based materials. Print-based are used for educational purposes, especially in primary, secondary and tertiary levels but otherwise, people would prefer search engines like Google and Yahoo because any form of information is reachable in just a matter of seconds, causing absolutely no hassle. Weblogs should not be so focused because readers would find it hard to grasp the information available (Nielsen 2005).

e) Facebook and Twitter are current online media trends that are rising globally. Youtube serves as a site for readers to any form of videos that other people have uploaded. Facebook and Twitter are social networking sites. These social networking sites are used by billions from all around the world. These websites enable a grouping of individuals from all around the world that share the same interest and give first-hand information on personal experiences regarding topics of interest (Social Networking 2009). Freedom of speech is made easier through websites such as these because anyone has the ability to express their thoughts through the internet. Even though these websites may be beneficial to some, but it does bring harm too, especially to teenagers. Teenagers are getting hooked onto Facebook, becoming a form of drug as they spend hours on the Internet sharing jokes and gossips (Zimmerman 2009). In my opinion, these websites ensures communication from any part of the world but it becomes a form of addiction among youths today. Therefore, it limits their time spent socializing with friends, reducing face-to-face communication and when this happens, an individual would have difficulty fitting in with the crowd. These factors may bring harm to an individual, physically and mentally.

REFERENCES
Hulber, M. 2005, Blogs become trend Online journals are popular among teens who want to be heard, Herald News, The (Joliet, IL), viewed 17th November 2009, <
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1N1-10C6550C46745030.html>

Microsoft Digital Advertising Solutions, n.d, Blogging Phenomenon Sweeps Asia, Research from Windows Live Highlights, viewed 17th November 2009, <
http://promotion.hk.msn.com/pr/20061127Blogging_Phenomenon_Sweeps_Asia_TradePR.pdf>

Heathfield, S. M. 2009, Why Blogging Matters to Business, About.com : Human Resources, viewed 17th November 2009, <
http://humanresources.about.com/od/businessblogs/a/business_blogs.htm>

GlobalVoices, n.d, About, viewed 17th November 2009, <
http://globalvoicesonline.org/about/>

Nielsen, J. 2005, Weblog Usability: The Top Ten Design Mistakes, October 17, viewed 17th November 2009, <
http://www.useit.com/alertbox/weblogs.html>

Walsh, M. 2006, 'Textual Shift: Examining the reading process with print, visual and mulitimodal texts,' Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, vol 29, no.1, p.24-37.

Schriver, K. A 1997, Dynamics in Document Design: creating texts for readers, Wiley Computer Pub, New York.

Zimmerman, j. 2009, Hooked on Facebook, Open Forum, San Francisco Chronicle, March 20, viewed 18th November 2009,
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/03/19/EDOU16JJU4.DTL

Social Networking, 2009, What is Social Networking?, viewed 18th November 2009,
http://www.whatissocialnetworking.com/

Educause, 2005, 7 things you should know about video blogging, Educause Learning Initiative,
viewed 18th November 2009,
http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI7005.pdf

Knudsen, J. 2003, Moblogging Ascendant, Sun Developer Network, viewed 18th November 2009,
http://developers.sun.com/mobility/midp/articles/blogging/

WordPress.com, n.d, Types of Blogs, viewed 18th November 2009,
http://en.wordpress.com/types-of-blogs/